Comparison of graphene oxide before (left) and after (right) the new annealing treatment. The graphene sheet is represented
by yellow carbon spheres, while the oxygens and hydrogens are represented as red and white spheres. Annealing causes oxygen atoms to form clusters, creating areas of pure graphene (as shown in the right image). This results in increased light absorption, improved conduction of electrons, and efficient light emission. Credit: MIT
Graphene, a two-dimensional array of carbon atoms, has shown great promise for a variety of applications, but for many suggested uses the material requires treatments that can be expensive and difficult to apply predictably. Now, a team of researchers at MIT and the University of California at Berkeley has found a simple, inexpensive treatment that may help to unleash the material's potential.
The new method is described in a paper published this week in the journal Nature Chemistry, co-authored by MIT doctoral students Priyank Kumar and Neelkanth Bardhan, MIT professors Jeffrey Grossman and Angela Belcher, and two others at Berkeley.
"We've been very interested in graphene, graphene oxide, and other two-dimensional materials for possible use in solar cells, thermoelectric devices, and water filtration, among a number of other applications," says Grossman, the Carl Richard Soderberg Associate Professor of Power Engineering.
While pure graphene lacks some key properties needed for electronic devices, modifying it through the addition of oxygen atomscan provide those properties, Grossman explains. "Having oxygen atoms on graphene is so important for so many applications," Kumar adds.
But present methods leave oxygen atoms distributed unpredictably across the graphene's surface, and involve treatmentwith harsh chemicals, or at temperatures of 700 to 900 degrees Celsius.
The group's new approach involves exposing the material to relatively low temperatures, just 50 to 80 C, with no need for additional chemical treatment. "It's a mild thermal approach," Bardhan says, "versus other approaches that have been reported, thermal or chemical. This offers a relatively environmentally friendly method, with no harsh chemical treatment that generates harmful byproducts." What's more, he says, the treatment can easily be applied on a large scale, making commercial applications more feasible.
The low-temperature annealing process modifies the distribution of the oxygen atoms, causing them to form clusters and leaving areas of pure graphene between them, without introducing any disorder to the overall graphene structure—and most importantly, preserving the oxygen content.
Kumar says the new treatment allows the electrical resistance of the material to decrease by four to five orders of magnitude, which could be important for electronics, catalysis, and sensing applications. This is a result of the oxygen clustering, which renders the oxygen-rich regions insulating, but leaves the pure graphene areas in between conducting.
In addition, the pure graphene regions naturally have properties of "quantum dots", which could find use as highly efficient light emitters, among other applications. The treatment also greatly enhances the material's ability to absorb visible light, the team says. "It produces a 38 percent improvement in the collection of photons," Grossman says, compared to untreated graphene oxide, "which is a significant improvement that could be important for its use in a number of applications, such as solar cells."
While Grossman's group is looking at the potential use of graphene in solar cells, thermoelectric devices, solar thermal fuels, and desalination filters, Belcher's group is exploring biological applications, such as sensors for disease agents in the bloodstream, or delivery systems for targeting insoluble drugs to specific areas of the body.
The new processing approach, Grossman says, is "very exciting, because of how it opens up the design space for these applications."
Explore further:Two teams independently find that adding vibration helps couple light to graphene
More information:Scalable enhancement of graphene oxide properties by thermally driven phase transformation, DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1820
Journal reference:Nature Chemistry
Provided byMassachusetts Institute of Technology
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