As a new-type anode material of Lithium-ion batteries, silicon (Si) has attracted much attention in recent years, due to its high theoretical capacity, abundance on earth, low cost and good safety. However, the huge volume change during charge/discharge process induces severe pulverization and fast capacity fading, which prevents Si-based anode from practical applications. Nanostructuring and alloying are effective approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based anode materials. Nanostructure can help release the mechanical stress caused by volume expansion, and shorten migration distance of Li-ion, consequently improving the electrochemical stability of Si. Alloying can reduce the volume change rate of Si-based materials during charge/discharge, and enhance the conductivity, which also extends the lifetime of Si anode. Furthermore, the preparation process of Si-based alloys with high tap density is simple and scalable for mass production. In this paper, the development of Si nanostructures and alloys in recent 5 years is briefly summarized by focusing on their effects on electrochemical capacity, rate performance and cycling stability.