The biomimetic mineralization method with biological macromolecules as the core is one of the research hotspots in the synthesis of bio-inorganic composite nanomaterials in recent years. As a multifunctional biomolecule, peptides not only have designability, degradability and high biocompatibility, but also can self-assemble to form nanostructures of different dimensions in a specific solution microenvironment. Peptides can provide suitable biological templates for the controllable synthesis of nanomaterials with different structures and functions, especially noble metal nano catalytic materials. Due to the spatial limitation of the peptide assembly structure and its interaction with metal nanoparticles and reaction substrates, peptide based noble metal nanostructures have the characteristic of enhancing the catalytic reaction and have broad application prospects in the fields of organic synthesis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. In this review，we summarize the peptide self-assembly and discuss the application of peptides template-mediated noble metal nanostructures in catalysis, it will provide new research ideas for the development of new nano catalytic materials.