Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), as antibacterial materials, can effectively inhibit the growth of various microorganisms. They have the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and low toxicity, and their antibacterial activity are closely related to their particle size and dispersion. Metal nanoparticles tend to aggregate during use, which reduces their antibacterial properties. To improve the antibacterial properties of CuNPs, an efficient and environmentally friendly antibacterial material (CuNPs/CNFs) with polyacrylonitrile based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as the carrier and CuNPs as the main antibacterial agent was prepared by solution jet spinning, carbonization and carbothermal shock successively. The morphology and structure of CuNPs/CNFs composites were analyzed by SEM, EDS and XRD, and their inhibition effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed by antibacterial zone method, colony counting method and SEM imaging. The results showed that CuNPs/CNFs composites exhibited high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.